Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) - 1794 Words

Human Immunodeficiency Virus What microorganism causes HIV? Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that destroys the immune system which protects the body against disease and infection. The human body cannot fight disease if the immune system is weak. When a person is infected with HIV, the virus stays in the body forever. There is no cure for HIV but the medications help to control the disease. The human immune system is made weak by destroying important cells that fight pathogens. HIV is a retrovirus. It is a virus spread through certain body fluids that attack the body’s immune system known as CD4 cells or T-cells. This kind of virus when not penetrating a cell has the ability to store the genetic information on a single-stranded RNA molecule in place of the double–stranded DNA, but when penetrating a cell, the retrovirus can make a DNA version of its genes. This DNA becomes part of the disease spreading genetic material in the cell. HIV takes a long time to cause damage in the human body and therefore classified as le ntiviruses. White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are the cells of the immune system that protect the body against infection and disease. HIV infects and destroys white blood cells called CD4+ cells. The destruction of the CD4+ cells makes the body weak and cannot fight disease and infection. Large numbers of CD4 cells are destroyed through viral attack and will not be restored. The majority of the person’s CD4 memory cells areShow MoreRelatedHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1359 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The virus has infected two million adults and children by the year 2005 already. The virus continues to race around the world, and new HIV infections are at 50,000 per year (Martine Peeters, Matthieu Jung, Ahidjo Ayouba) (2013). The final outcome of the HIV infection is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). There are many treatments that have develop ed to help the large numberRead MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesHIV has been a pandemic that has affected the world relentlessly for many years in a never-ending circle. HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is the virus that is spread through certain bodily fluids and can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV attacks the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells, which leaves the person infected with HIV vulnerable to other infections, diseases, and other complications.1 Once this virus is acquired, the human can never fully rid itself of thisRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )884 Words   |  4 Pages(2010), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that affects the human immune system, leading to a chronic, progressive sickness that leaves people susceptible to opportunistic infections. When the body no longer can fight or resist infections, the condition is at this point referred to as AIDS, which means Acqu ired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Averagely, it has been found to take more than ten years to develop from initial infection of HIV to AIDS. Though simple in description, HIV and AIDSRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )862 Words   |  4 Pagesshown that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause of AIDS. More than 33.4 million people worldwide are infected with the HIV virus today. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus. HIV is a virus similar to that of the flu or common cold. The differentiating factor is that with the flu and cold, your body will eventually clear the virus out of your system, but with the HIV virus, the immune system cannot clear it. Getting HIV means you have it for life. The virus immediately beginsRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1261 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become more commonly seen in the world. It is important to show compassion rather than judging that patient based on a virus. The hygienist plays an important role in making the patient feel comfortable and in a judgment free environment. The patient should not feel as if the disease or virus defines the overall character of the patient. Standards precautions are still the same when treating all patients with or without a compromisingRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )948 Words   |  4 PagesThe Uses of Blood by the HIV Virus Blood-borne diseases have contributed greatly to poor health outcomes among individuals and communities. Though blood fulfills various functions to ensure our survival, it can also act as the mechanism through which we become diseased. Understanding the characteristics of such infectious diseases is essential to preventing further cases. In this paper I will discuss how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses blood to cause illness within the infected individualRead MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus1205 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is HIV? HIV is a fatal disease which stands for â€Å"Human Immunodeficiency Virus† it is a failure to the immune system to protect the body from any infections. This virus causes a condition called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. When HIV is left untreated it leads to another disease called â€Å"AIDS†. It can occur in any age, race, sex or sexual orientation. The highest risk of contracting HIV is having unprotected sex and sha ring needles with others. Another factor are people that have STI’s andRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )980 Words   |  4 Pages The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an immune system disorder that can be contracted through sexual activity as well as other types of contact. (Healthy Living, pg. 79) If left untreated this virus can turn into AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). AIDS is the final stage of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (aids.gov) AIDS is an incurable progressive disease that causes gradual destruction of CD4 T cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (Diseases, pg. 431) A healthyRead MoreHiv, Or Human Immunodeficiency Virus998 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 1 HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, attacks the human immune system and greatly weakens the body’s ability to fight foreign invaders and infection. HIV first demanded notice in the early 1980s in the United States in homosexual men displaying illnesses like Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma. The disease was soon observed in IV drug users, hemophiliacs, and blood transfusion recipients, but became publicized as a â€Å"gay disease,† nicknamed by the media as GRID, or Gay-RelatedRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1349 Words   |  6 Pages Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retro virus that causes AIDs by infecting the T Helper cells of the body’s immune system. The AIDS virus is the final stages of the HIV virus. HIV is a lentivirus genus, which is a subgroup of the retrovirus that causes the AIDS virus. Even with proper treatment, an infected person has a life expectancy of less than ten years.As the virus weakens t he human immune systems, this effectleaves the patient compromised and at risk to opportunistic infections

The Power of Professional Learning Communities Essay

Benjamin Franklin said â€Å"An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.† Education opens the door for everyone to excel in life. To become a strong nation, its people, especially children, must have a good education so the nation can continue to excel and become stronger. Nevertheless, America is suffering through an education crisis today. The current statistics show that the United States is falling behind in education compared to other countries. The illiteracy rate is high, and the graduation rates for inner city children are low. The causes of this crisis are everyday problems such as lack of interest in school, poverty, and standardized testing. There are many solutions to the problem, but one solution, Professional Learning†¦show more content†¦The United States also places 25th in math, 17th in science, and 14th in reading (â€Å"Best Education in the World,† 2012). Fourth Graders in the U.S. are 11th in Math in the Trends in International Mathe matics and Science Study (â€Å"U.S. education spending tops Global List,† 2013.) Sixty-six percent of all fourth graders are not reading at grade level (Reese, Fredrick 2014). Fourteen percent of the population, or 32 million adults, cannot read. Nineteen percent of high school graduates cannot read. In less developed countries like Chile, Brazil, and Latina, children are increasing in academics three times faster than American Students (â€Å"Best Education in the World,† 2012). The problem in the education system lies within the public schools, because the majority of students attend public schools. In fact, only ten percent of children attend private schools (Jennings, 2013). USA Today said â€Å"Students in a handful of big-city school districts have a less than 50-50 chance of graduating from high school with their peers, and a few cities graduate far fewer than half each spring†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Toppo, 2006). With these statistics in education, many people wonde r why the United States is lagging, but one major reason for the lagging is teaching methods. The use of standardized test has been used for many years. Tests such as ACT, SAT, EOC, and Gateway were made toShow MoreRelatedThe Danielson Framework Is A Tool964 Words   |  4 Pagescorrelation between topics. They know their students skills and what they know. They are aware of the developmental stages of their students and how the stages play a role in students’ learning. They set reasonable outcomes for students, use a wide range of resources for students’ use as well as for their professional knowledge. Distinguish teachers also plan lessons that flows in a sequential matter and aligns the instruction with school curriculum and state standards. Finally, they choose appropriateRead MoreThe Contribution Of Servant Leadership1310 Words   |  6 Pageseducational professional learning. Crippen (2010) shares, â€Å"Servant leadership situates itself comfortably within the scholarship of teaching and learning as well as serving and leading† (p.34). As indicated in this paper, servant leadership absolutely has a place in education; a business of people on a foundation of relationships. Attributes of servant leadership critiqued have positive correlations to attributes of high impact professional learning. Creating strong, moral-based, communities of educatorsRead MoreProfessional Learning Communities : The Mentor812 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional Learning Communities: The Mentor The mind of education has changed in the last few years to get away from teachers working alone in isolation to a new idea of Professional Learning Communities (PLCs). In contrast to the traditional paradigm of professional development in which teachers attend off-site workshops and conferences that may or may not inspire them to change their thinking or instruction, the Professional Learning Community (PLC) involves teachers in site-based, ongoing,Read MoreThe Role Of Nurses As An Effective Leader1093 Words   |  5 Pagesadhesive of healthcare by interacting and partnering with professionals in the care process. Whether a family member, laboratory technician, physician or even a nutrition aide delivering a tray the nurse has always been there to interact at all levels of care. Baccalaureates prepared nurses provide patient  ¬centered care by respecting values, and serving patient needs as effective advocates. Patient advocacy is paramount in the nursing professional requiring nu rses to deliver exceptional care, evaluateRead MoreEven though Zimbabwe has the highest literacy rates in Africa, the high school pass rate remains at1600 Words   |  7 Pagesremains at an unprecedented low, less than 25%. In the past 30 years since attaining independence, the population of Zimbabwe, around 13 million, experienced significant educational developments with the building of more schools in marginalized communities, establishment of teacher training colleges, and availability of educational resources. Consequently, school enrollment from 1980 to 1990 increased by 72% courtesy of the â€Å"education for all by 2000† policy (Shizha Kariwo, 2011). UnfortunatelyRead MoreThe Impact Of District Level Leadership And Student Achievement1493 Words   |  6 Pagesincluding, students, families, community members, and staff. This is accomplished by designing a system that focuses on the mission of the district, Educate students to be lifelong learners who are productive , responsible citizens. This system must include a shared vision, high quality staff, a collaborative culture that values innovation and embraces failure as a natural outcome of the learning process. One current educational issue facing schools is high quality professional development. In his 2013Read MoreLearning Concept # 1 : Team Roles1051 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Concept #1: Team Roles The textbook begins to talk about each of the different settings people can be placed and how in each setting the teams that work there are completely different from agency to agency. It says, â€Å"In an old age home a registered nurse may be charge of the teams because doctors are not readily available.† (Pg. 151) It then goes on to talk about how in schools the teachers lead the students and they have the support from psychologists and learning consults if further identifyingRead MoreLearning In The 21st Century Classroom1206 Words   |  5 Pagesopportunities to explore and implement knew learnings needed in the 21st Century classroom. Assignments touched base on differentiation, instructional design, assessments; Action research and technology enriched learning environments to name a few. The final course Capstone focused one redesigning previous lesson plans, projects to address the 21st Century skills and demonstrate the mastery of the learning outcomes. The program ou tcomes enhance the teaching and learning process while preparing educators toRead MoreAnalysis Of Wood Thompson ( 1980 )1297 Words   |  6 PagesWood Thompson (1980) presented some guidelines for improved staff development by identifying important factors pertinent to adult learning. They advocated moving away from the traditional evaluation models that identify weaknesses in personnel and using prescribed in-service sessions instead as the way to eliminate the weaknesses. Their alternative approach is one of job-related training that provides for choice and alternatives, training that results in practice of skills, and opportunities forRead MoreInstructional Planning For Learner Development Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesfamiliar with the Program Learning Outcome (PLO) and use them daily with the classroom environment. PLO 1 Instructional Planning for Learner Development Instructional Planning for Learner Development constitute the primary (PLO). This skill requires teachers to â€Å"design appropriate and challenging learning experiences informed by analysis of how learners develop individually across the cognitive, linguistic, social, emotional, and physical patterns to promote student learning and growth†(PLO 2014).

Contemporary Issues in Acounting

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Issues in Acounting. Answer: Introduction Disclosures are vital for creditors, investors, management and various other parties who are user of the financial statements as it helps in ascertaining the actual position of the company. However, it needs to be noted that the size of transactions has increased and therefore, it is of utmost importance that such must be properly disclosed. Proper rules and regulations is compulsory to give effect. It needs to be noted that financial, as well as non-financial information both plays a major role in shaping the destiny of the company and hence, both should be adequately highlighted (IASB, 2010). Going by the bulk of transaction and complexity some irrelevant information is discarded that does not play any part in the decision-making process. Compliance with conceptual framework and AASB standard requirements For the purpose of this report, the two companies selected for analysis is BHP Billiton Ltd and Dicksmith Holding Ltd respectively. Considering the financial reporting disclosures in the (ACS) Australian Corporate Sector, details accommodated in the reports must fulfill the qualitative characteristics as per the conceptual framework of the companies. These characteristics include materiality, faithful representation and relevance. An item is regarded as material if it can influence the decisions of users (Albrecht et. al, 2011). By observing annual reports of both companies, it can be seen that the companies have followed various aspects of materiality like the ASX Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations in association with the corporate governance of the company. Similarly, both companies are prone to risks and hence they have incorporated several material risks in their annual reports. The material risks disclosed by Dicksmith includes competition policies, consumer spe nding, exchange rates etc while BHP discloses material risks like price deflation, leasing arrangements, competition etc. (Source: BHP Billiton Annual report, 2015) (Source: Dicksmith Holding Annual report, 2015) For faithful representation, companies must present a true and fair view of their reports. Thus, in the case of Dicksmith, it can be seen that every director whether managing director or CFO or CEO, provides a written declaration to the Board in accordance with Sec 295A of Corporations Act, 2001, that information in the annual report present a true and fair view. Similarly, in section 7.4 of the Statement of Directors Responsibilities, a true and fair view of financial records must be presented by every director that is free from misstatements and frauds. With respect to relevance, both Dicksmith Ltd and BHP Billiton provide relevant information which pursues predictive value. For instance, in Dicksmith, relevant information is provided to security holders to assist them in deciding whether to or not to elect or re-elect any director (Davies Crawford, 2012). Similarly, BHP provides relevant information associated with its greenhouse gas emissions in its annual report. Other qualitat ive characteristics like timeliness, comparability, understandability etc also forms part of conceptual framework for financial reporting and also followed by both the companies. Furthermore, the annual report of BHP Billiton complies with AASB 116 or IAS 16 that deals with recognition, measurement and disclosure principles associated to plant, equipment and property (BHP Billiton, 2015). An asset can be recognized when the future economic benefits flows from the productive usage of that asset. These benefits can be measured in various ways, thereby leading to asset recognition. Measurement of assets can be done by various ways like present value, historical cost etc. Fixed assets are measured at historical cost minus depreciation while current assets are measured at lower of net realizable value or cost. In the companys balance sheet, net carrying amounts are disclosed and fixed assets are examined for impairment each year (Choi Meek, 2011). According to the Notes to Financial Sta tements of BHP Billiton Ltd, fixed costs are disclosed at cost minus impairment provisions. The examination is conducted to assure that carrying values does not surpass estimates of recoverable values (BHP Billiton). (Source: BHP Billiton Annual report, 2015) The impairment charges depicted by the annual report of BHP Billiton are Petroleum (US$2.3 billion), Nickel West (US$0.4 billion), Goodwill (US$0.5 billion) and others (US$0.8 billion) respectively. The impairment methods consist of mathematical correctness of cash flow models, sensitivity evaluation etc (Melville, 2013). Hence, the valuation of fixed assets is in accordance with AASB requirements. According to notes of financial statements of Dicksmith, the assumed liabilities and acquired assets are recognized at their fair value but every deferred assets and liabilities related with employee benefit arrangements are measured and identified in accordance with Income Taxes (AASB 112) and Employee Benefits (AASB 119). (Source: Dicksmith Holding Annual report, 2015) Equity Instruments or liabilities associated with share based payment arrangements are measured according to AASB 2 (Share-based payment). Assets held for sale are measured in accordance with AASB 5 standards (Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations). Contingent considerations that are classified as an asset or liability are re-measured in accordance with AASB 139 (Recognition and Measurement of Financial Instruments). Prudence in conceptual framework to address disparities in reporting The concept of prudence was eliminated in the year 2010 by the International Accounting Standards Board but in 2015, a revision was made in the conceptual framework which again included the prudence concept. This characteristic in the conceptual framework for corporate reporting requires the management to be alert in pursuing policies and estimations in such a way that the income and assets are not overstated and liabilities and expenses are not understated (IASB, 2010). The application of this characteristic eliminates bias from financial statements and reports but it must not affect the relevance and reliability of the presented information (Graham Smart, 2012). This concept does not require companies to bisect their revenue figures or ignore a part of their physical assets and instead it requires the application of caution where uncertainty exists. It is applied in many areas of financial reporting like in the case of BHP Billiton, the impairment events that can result in the wri te-down of carrying value of an asset is considered prudent because this surpasses the regular apportionment of expenses of an asset (non-current) over its useful life (Kaplan, 2011). Similarly, assets held for sale in the case of Dicksmith are not recognized at their fair values and instead they are measured as per AASB 5 standards (Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations). This implies that assets which are held for sale are written down to their respective recoverable amounts but are not written up. This is the prudence characteristic of conceptual framework. The recognition of profits or revenues is also subject to prudence when these profits associate with the provision of services for a long period and portray uncertainties about future results (Gibson, 2010). As the recognition of unrealized profits is limited by the inclusion of prudence, it leads to contribution of reliability and relevance characteristics of corporate reporting (Christensen, 2011). Hen ce, prudence can be applied to achieve neutrality and it also helps investors in sorting out financial performance like cost of business and future problems prior to recognition of any profit signs (Libby et. al, 2011). All these inconsistencies that were prior to the inclusion of prudence are successfully addressed. Critical analysis of the annual reports of both companies After observing the annual reports of both BHP Billiton Ltd and Dicksmith Holding Ltd, it can be seen that Dicksmith is the leading company when it comes to consumer electronics while most of the earnings of BHP comes from its iron ore activities that also includes coal and copper. Both the companies follow the ASX Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations and both comply with the conceptual framework and AASB standard requirements. On one hand, the corporate governance principles not only assure transparency in Dicksmith but also assure morality and integrity which makes the company more beneficial than others. Similarly, on the other hand, BHP Billiton adheres to the business conduct and surpasses interest in governance in order to comply with various regulatory requirements. It has more energy exposure and flexibility that makes it more suitable for long-run or when contingencies create havoc in commodity markets (BHP Billiton, 2015). When it comes to disclosure, the sec urity holders of Dicksmith are provided proper and timely information so that they can pursue their rights effectively. The functioning of Finance and Audit Committee ensures completeness, adequacy, timeliness and disclosure regimes that includes financial reporting to major stakeholders like the ASX, shareholders and ASIC, financial reporting uncertainties or risks, companys accounting practices, disclosures and policies and the outcome and scope of external audits (Northington, 2011). According to the disclosure policy, Dicksmith is bound to disclose any information to the ASX that is not basically available and which can have a material effect on the share value. Under this policy, the CEO and Managing Director are bound to comply with continuous disclosure needs. (Source: Dicksmith Holding Annual report, 2015) The Company Secretary is called the Disclosure Officer of the company who serves as a major contact between ASX and the company (Libby et. al, 2011). This policy is easily accessible to the public at the investor centre in the website dicksmithholdings.com.au under Corporate Governance. Any announcements prior to continuous disclosure requirements are first made available on the website under ASX Announcements. A Disclosure Committee is appointed in BHP Billiton Ltd whose motive is to assist the CEO of the company in security dealings, periodic and regular disclosure needs that include review of information that can need disclosure to stock exchanges and overseeing the disclosure procedures so that the information is accurate, complete and timely disclosed (Brealey et. al, 2011). For IFRS purposes, the disclosure of demerged assets is done in the annual report as they are considered Discontinued and hence material. Any information that is commercially sensitive and can cause reputati onal destruction is also disclosed taking into account various safety requirements. Disclosure about the hydraulic fracturing is made mandatory by the regulatory authorities that also include disclosure of water and chemical use, wellbore integrity etc (Horngren, 2013). Furthermore, responding to climate change is also a necessary step by the company and hence it openly discloses about the accountability performance against emissions of GHG with public, government and investors. If there is any conflict of interests among the directors, then it is the duty of non-conflicted directors to disclose about the conflict (Brealey et. al, 2011). A Document Review Committee is established so that it can approve the materiality principles applied for preparing disclosure documents, reviews the documents, finalizes the document and reports it to the Board. For high quality and relevant information to investors, a copy of market disclosure and communication document is made available at www.bhp billiton.com/aboutus/ourcompany/governance (BHP Billiton, 2015). (Source: BHP Billiton Annual report, 2015) The UK requirements, AASB and IFRS etc requires the company to disclose about directors and KMP. Material information regarding the remuneration policy, ordinary shareholdings and transactions must also be disclosed (Everingham et. al, 2007). The Remuneration Committee has set a minimum threshold of $7500 in association with disclosure of payments to past directors. The disclosure of Board members independence, their interest in a transaction which prohibits them from voting helps third parties to place emphasis on the company (Horngren, 2013). Assumptions on assets useful life, amortization of intangible assets ensures stakeholders that the company complies with standard requirements. Thus, material information must be disclosed as it helps in decision-making (Brigham Daves, 2012). Recommendation Going by the very discussion and the report, it can be aid that disclosures are of paramount importance because through it a prospective decision can be taken. With the due passage of time, business is becoming vulnerable to risks and hence any information can turn out to be crucial. Such risks can be reduced if proper decision is taken and highlighted. After an evaluation of annual of BHP Billiton and Dicksmith Holding it can be recommended that companies must provide an adequate emphasis to the principle of disclosure. Conclusion Therefore, it can be stated that the concept of disclosure is a strong tool in the decision-making process. The comparison of the annual report of BHP Billiton and Dicksmith clearly indicates that judgment depends upon the level of disclosure. Moreover, conceptual framework is essential for a balanced approach because it helps the company to function smoothly. Overall, the disclosure principle and conceptual framework is a strong indicator as it helps in enhancing the goodwill and lays a strong foundation. The report above clearly signifies that both the companies have adhered to the principle of disclosure and is reflected in their annual report. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J 2011. Financial accounting, Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. BHP Billiton 2015. BHP Billiton Annual Report and accounts 2015, viewed 13 August 2016, https://www.bhpbilliton.com/~/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/2015/bhpbillitonannualreport2015.pdf. Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Allen, F 2011. Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Brigham, E. Daves, P 2012. Intermediate Financial Management , USA: Cengage Learning. Choi, R.D. and Meek, G.K 2011. International accounting, Pearson . Christensen, J 2011. Good analytical research, European Accounting Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41-51 Davies, T. and Crawford, I 2012. Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson. Deegan, C. M 2011. In Financial accounting theory, North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-Hill. Dicksmith Holding 2015. Dicksmith Holding Annual Report and accounts 2015, viewed 13 August 2016, https://www.dicksmith.com.au/da/ Everingham, G.K., Kleynhans, J.E. and Posthumus, L.C 2007. Principles of Generally Accepted Accounting Practice, Juta and Company Ltd. Gibson, C 2010. Financial Reporting and Analysis: Using Financial Accounting Information, Cengage Learning. Graham, J. and Smart, S 2012. Introduction to corporate finance, Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Horngren, C 2013. Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. International Accounting Standards Board 2010. Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, viewed 13 August 2016, https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/Oct_2010_AP_9.3_Conceptual_Framework_Financial_Reporting_2010.pdf Kaplan, R.S 2011. Accounting scholarship that advances professional knowledge and practice, The Accounting Review, vol. 86, no.2, pp. 367383. Libby, R., Libby, P. and Short, D 2011. Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Melville, A 2013. International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide, Pearson, Education Limited, UK Northington, S 2011. Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's.

The Canterbury Tales

Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer the author of the book The Canterbury Tales was among England’s best poets. He was born at around 1340 in London. His father was a wine businessman and an assistant of King Butler. Geoffrey Chaucer’s life is not so understandable especially when we try to look at his early age that is from child hood until the time he started schooling.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Canterbury Tales specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Geoffrey became skilled at reading a number of languages such as French, Italian language, and even Latin. His skills as a diplomat as well as a public servant are alleged to have been obtained during his enthrallment with the public not forgetting the basics of his English knowledge. During the year 1359 to 1360 Geoffrey Chaucer made a trip with the military of King Edward for war in France for the period of one hundred Years. He only came back to England later when the agreement of Bretigny was made and the King was compensated with a lot of money. Geoffrey Chaucer got married with Philippa Roet who was one of Queen’s ladies. He was blessed with four children this were two boys and two girls. With a lot of pressure to take care of his family and other responsibilities Geoffrey Chaucer still remained in magnificent in his peripatetic services to places like Italy, Spain and even Flanders. However his peripatetic services had an immense influence on his occupation. Geoffrey Chaucer early scripts were mainly subjected by the customs of the French people who were more interested loved poetry so much. (Chaucer 43) In most of his work Geoffrey Chaucer noted down using Middle English which was a type of English that was used quite many years back. Geoffrey Chaucer was given the title as being one of the earliest English poets who used poems in iambic pentameter apart from creating them effectively using vernacular l anguage. Geoffrey Chaucer has also been able to write quite a good number of poems such as The Book of the Duchess, House of Fame, The Parliament of Fowls and The Legend of Good Women. Unfortunately Geoffrey Chaucer passed away on the 25th of October, 1400 in London. His funeral was done at a place called Westminster Abbey nowadays named as the Poet’s Corner. (Dean 57) Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales of is nothing but a combination of funny, vulgar, and even emotional narratives that are enlightened by a cluster of imaginary pilgrims moving to a holy place most probably at St. Thomas. The Canterbury Tales was written towards the end of the 14th century and taken to be among the works done by the genius people in literature. This tales are in most cases notified as part of a story told by some kind of a group of people that are traveling.Advertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Geoffrey Chaucer uses this tales together with the images of his characters to cover a sarcastic and significant description in an English community more especially the Church. Structurally this combination tolerates the control of Decameron by Geoffrey Chaucer in which rumors had to say that he was having transversely in his primary diplomatic operation toward Italy but then still peoples liked his tales. (Chaucer 110) The Canterbury Tales was put in black and white during a chaotic instance in history. At the center of the Western division was the Catholic Church despite the fact that it was the only Christian influence in the whole of Europe. The Catholic Church became a topic of serious disagreement. One of the initial English religious groups by the name Lollardy that was guided by John Wycliffe is stated in the Canterbury Tales, as a precise event concerning people who collected cash in substitute for forgiveness from sin. They asserted to be gathering for o ne of the hospital found in England by the name St. Mary Rouncesval. The Political conflicts disclosed how complex the chaoses were when Geoffrey Chaucer was writing Tales. Many of Geoffrey Chaucer’s close associates were executed hence forcing him to shift to a place called Kent at least to distance himself from what was going on in London. The Canterbury Tales echo various visions facing the Churches in England. Subsequently the passing away of Blacks and many Europeans started to raise questions regarding the influence of the customary Churches, Some people decided to intense fewer trails and hence forcing them to start fresh Spartan tips which exposed the corruption church. A number of characters found in The Canterbury Tales are spiritual facts, and the very background of the movement to the Canterbury is spiritual. (Dean 66) The superior group that was symbolized primarily by the Knights with his Squire was in Geoffrey Chaucer’s time sheered in customs of politen ess and loyalty. Aristocracies were anticipated to be influential soldiers who could be mercilessly on the battleground nevertheless gallant in the Christian and the King’s square in their proceedings. Knights were anticipated to shape up a physically powerful communal tie with the gentlemen who wrestled in conjunction with them. However a powerful tie with a woman whom they romanticized in order to reinforce their hostility was too dignified to accomplishment hence frequently its contradictory principles degenerate into brutality.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Canterbury Tales specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Canterbury Tales also continually reveal the disagreement among classes. For instance the separations of three estates, the characters are separated to three different classes. Conferences are only followed in case the Knight starts the match with a tale, because they signify the uppermost communal class in the set. But then when they are tracked by the Miller, in this case who are signifying an inferior class, it positions for them an arena for the Tales in order to be a sign of both esteem and pay no attention to the superior class policy. (Chalmers 45) Geoffrey Chaucer’s characters convey very much different observations of certainty hence creating an impression of relativism. It is clear that diverse genres can give diverse readings of the globe but the way fabliau barely observes the procedures of God, even the saint’s existence centers on those that are at the cost of substantial certainty regions and sermons. The pure figure of unreliable people and tales leaves the Tales at a position we are not capable to land at any specific fact or certainty. The diversity of Geoffrey Chaucer’s tales illustrates the extent of the skills that he has not forgetting his acquaintance with innumerable metaphorical appearances and linguistic approac hes. Medieval institutions of public speaking during that time supported such assortment and hence separating literature into an elevated focus and stumpy techniques when considered by the concentration of metaphorical forms and terminology. (Chaucer 187) One more fashionable technique of separation was approached from St. Augustine and this mainly paid some extra attention on spectators’ reply but fewer on the theme. This made Geoffrey Chaucer to separate his literature work into. Authors were given confidence to inscribe in such a method that makes them to be more intelligent on the speaker’s topic and even the audience themselves. Geoffrey Chaucer moved liberally among all these styles to show no preferential treatment to anybody. He also not only regards the readers of his efforts as the audience, but also as travelers inside the tale hence generating a multi coated metaphorical mystery of uncertainty. From this many people take Geoffrey Chaucer and his works thus far exceeding the capability of any other particular medieval hypothesis to come across. On the other hand, Geoffrey Chaucer keeps away from aiming any precise audience or public class of people who read his work, centering as an alternative on his own characters, however he uses their account with an ability that is comparative to their social conditions and education. Starting from even characters like Miller, he shows some astonishing metaphorical skills even though their topic is more of having some mass appeal. (Chalmers 98)Advertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The terminology employed in the Canterbury Tales also plays a significant element as it is in the senior classes were they refer a female as a lady at the same time the inferior classes also make use of the word wenche with no exclusions. Sometimes the same word can be used to have a different meaning completely between the two classes. Take for example another word pitee for the superior classes it is taken to be a dignified idea while on the other hand the in some parts it is used to refer to sexual association. However the Canterbury Tales shows some amazing talents among the words both in the inferior classes. In conclusion we can say that there is no any other work proceeding to Geoffrey Chaucer that we can say is recognized to contain a set of collected works like the Canterbury Tales inside the skeleton of travelers traveling. It is understandable however that Geoffrey Chaucer sometimes had to borrow some segment of his narratives from previous narratives hence making his wor k to be more subjected by the common circumstances of the fictional globe in which he resided. Telling of stories was the major amusement in England during that time, and the competition of telling of stories had been there over the years for a very long time. For example in the 14th century there was a selected person in charge whose main work was to evaluate songs that were done in a group. The victor of the songs could then be acknowledged with a crown. Likewise the victor of the Canterbury Tales was given dinner at no cost. It was ordinary for travelers who were traveling to choose one person as the head of service to direct in organizing their expedition. Works Cited Chalmers, Alexander. The works of the English poets. 8th ed. England: J. Johnson, 2009. Print. Chaucer, Geoffrey. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. England: Barron’s Educational Series, 1970. Print. Dean, Larry. Canterbury tales. England: Houghton Mifflin, 1982. Print. This research paper on The Canterbury Tales was written and submitted by user Micheal O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definitions and Examples of English Usage

Definitions and Examples of English Usage Usage refers to the conventional ways in which words or phrases are used, spoken, or written in a speech community. There is no official institution (akin to the 500-year-old Acadà ©mie franà §aise, for example) that functions as an authority on how the English language should be used. There are, however, numerous publications, groups, and individuals (style guides, language mavens, and the like) that have attempted to codify (and sometimes dictate) rules of usage. EtymologyFrom Latin,  usus  Ã‚  to use Observations This usage stuff is not straightforward and easy. If ever someone tells you that the rules of English grammar are simple and logical and you should just learn them and obey them, walk away, because youre getting advice from a fool.  (Geoffrey K. Pullum, Does It Really Matter If It Dangles? Language Log, Nov. 20, 2010)The thoughtful, nondichotomous position on language depends on a simple insight: Rules of proper usage are tacit conventions. Conventions are unstated agreements within a community to abide by a single way of doing thingsnot because there is any inherent advantage to the choice, but because there is an advantage to everyone making the same choice. Standardized weights and measures, electrical voltages and cables, computer file formats, the Gregorian calendar, and paper currency are familiar examples.  (Steven Pinker, False Fronts in the Language Wars. Slate, May 31, 2012) The Difference Between Grammar and Usage In this book, grammar refers to the manner in which the language functions, the ways that the blocks of speech and writing are put together. Usage refers to using specific words in a manner that will be thought of as either acceptable or unacceptable. The question of whether or not to split an infinitive is a consideration of grammar; the question of whether one should use literally in a nonliteral sense is one of usage.  (Ammon Shea, Bad English: A History of Linguistic Aggravation. Perigee, 2014) Arbiters of Usage The present-day scholarly concept of usage as a social consensus based on the practices of the educated middle class has emerged only within the last century. For many people, however, the views and aims of the 17th-18c fixers of the language continue to hold true: they consider that there ought to be a single authority capable of providing authoritative guidance about good and bad usage. For them, the model remains that of the Greek and Latin, and they have welcomed arbiters of usage such as Henry Fowler who have based their prescriptions on this model. In spite of this  ... no nation in which English is the main language has yet set up an official institution to monitor and make rules about usage. New words, and new senses and uses of words, are not sanctioned or rejected by the authority of any single body: they arise through regular use and, once established, are recorded in dictionaries and grammars. This means that, with the classical model of grammar in rapid decline, the us ers of English collectively set the standards and priorities that underlie all usage.  (Robert Allen, Usage. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, ed. T. McArthur. Oxford University Press, 1992) Most of the little manuals which pretend to regulate our use of our own language and to declare what is and what is not good English are grotesque in their ignorance; and the best of them are of small value, because they are prepared on the assumption that the English language is dead, like the Latin, and that, like Latin again, its usage is fixed finally. Of course, this assumption is as far as possible from the fact. The English language is alive now- very much alive. And because it is alive it is in a constant state of growth. It is developing daily according to its needs. It is casting aside words and usages that are no longer satisfactory; it is adding new terms as new things are brought forward; and it is making new usages, as convenience suggests, short-cuts across lots, and to the neglect of the five-barred gates rigidly set up by our ancestors.  (Brander Matthews, Parts of Speech: Essays on English, 1901) Usage and Corpus Linguistics English is more diverse than ever in all hemispheres. Research into new Englishes has flourished, supported by journals such as English World-Wide, World Englishes and English Today. At the same time, the quest for a single, international form for written communication becomes more pressing, among those aiming at a global readership...Many kinds of resource have been brought to bear on the style and usage questions raised. The Cambridge Guide to English Usage is the first of its kind to make regular use of large databases (corpora) of computerized texts as primary sources of current English. . . . The corpora embody various kinds of written discourse as well as transcriptions of spoken discourseenough to show patterns of divergence between the two. Negative attitudes to particular idioms or usage often turn on the fact that they are more familiar to the ear than the eye, and the constructions of formal writing are privileged thereby. Corpus data allow us to look more neutrally at the distributions of words and constructions, to view the range of styles across which they operate. On this basis, we can see what is really standard, i.e. usable in many kinds of discourse, as opposed to the formal or informal.  (Pam Peters, The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge University Press, 2004) Linguists and Usage As a field of study, usage doesnt hold much interest for modern linguists, who are drifting more and more toward qualitative psychology and theory. Their leading theorist, Noam Chomsky of MIT, has acknowledged, with no apparent regret, the pedagogical irrelevance of modern linguistics: I am, frankly, rather skeptical about the significance, for the teaching of languages, of such insights and understanding as have been attained in linguistics and psychology ... If you want to learn how to use the English language skillfully and gracefully, books on linguistics wont help you at all.  (Bryan A. Garner, Garners Modern American Usage, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2009) Correctness In the past, unproven ideas about the Standard have often been used to forward certain social interests at the expense of others. Knowing this, we do not describe the misuse of the conventions of punctuation in some students writing as a crime against civilization, although we do point out the mistakes. What interests us far more is that these apprentice writers have interesting ideas to convey, and manage to support their arguments well. They should be encouraged to turn to the task of writing seriously and enthusiastically rather than be discouraged because they cannot punctuate a restrictive clause correctly. But when they ask, Does spelling count? we tell them that in writing, as in life, everything counts. For academic writers, as for writers in a wide variety of fields (business, journalism, education, etc.), correctness in both content and expression is vital. . . . Language standardization may have been used as a tool of social oppression, but it has also been the vehicle of broad collaboration and communication. We are right to treat usage both warily and seriously.  (Margery Fee and Janice McAlpine, Guide to Canadian English Usage, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2007)   Usage is trendy, arbitrary, and above all, constantly changing, like all other fashionsin clothing, music, or automobiles. Grammar is the rationale of a language; usage is the etiquette.​  (I. S. Fraser and L. M. Hodson, Twenty-One Kicks at the Grammar Horse. The English Journal, Dec. 1978)   E.B. White on Usage as a Matter of Ear We were interested in what Dr. Henry Seidel Canby had to say about English usage, in the Saturday Review. Usage seems to us peculiarly a matter of ear. Everyone has his own set of rules, his own list of horribles. Dr. Canby speaks of contact used as a verb, and points out that careful writers and speakers, persons of taste, studiously avoid it. They dosome of them, because the word so used, makes their gorge rise, others because they have heard that we sensitive litry folk consider it displeasing. The odd thing is that what is true of one noun-verb is not necessarily true of another. To contact a man makes us wince; but to ground a plane because of bad weather sounds all right. Further, although we are satisfied to ground a plane, we object to garaging an automobile. An automobile should not be garaged; it should either be put in a garage or left out all night.The contraction aint, as Dr. Canby points out, is a great loss to the language. Nice Nellies, schoolteachers, and underdone g rammarians have made it the symbol of ignorance and ill-breeding, when in fact it is a handy word, often serving where nothing else will. Say it aint so is a phrase that is right the way it stands, and couldnt be any different. People are afraid of words, afraid of mistakes. One time a newspaper sent us to a morgue to get a story on a woman whose body was being held for identification. A man believed to be her husband was brought in. Somebody pulled the sheet back; the man took one agonizing look, and cried, My God, its her! When we reported this grim incident, the editor diligently changed it to My God, its she!The English language is always sticking a foot out to trip a man. Every week we get thrown, writing merrily along. Even Dr. Canby, a careful and experienced craftsman, got thrown in his own editorial. He spoke of the makers of textbooks who are nearly always reactionary, and often unscholarly in denying the right to change to a language that has always been changing ... In this case, the word change, quietly sandwiched in between a couple of tos, unexpectedly exploded the whole sentence. Even inverting the phr ases wouldnt have helped. If he had started out, In denying to a language ... the right to change, it would have come out this way: In denying to a language that has always been changing the right to change ... English usage is sometimes more than mere taste, judgment, and educationsometimes its sheer luck, like getting across a street.  (E.B. White, English Usage. The Second Tree From the Corner. Harper Row, 1954) Pronunciation: YOO-sij

Common English Sports Idioms for ESL Learners

Common English Sports Idioms for ESL Learners Have you ever read an article in Newsweek or Time magazine? If you have, I am sure that you noticed what an important role sporting events play in the creation of idiomatic language in American English. It is quite common to read statements like, President Clinton informed reporters that he felt his environmental program was in the home stretch and that he had hit a home run with his appointment of Mr. X as the ambassador to Y. This language can confuse speakers of English as a second language. Therefore, this feature concerns such language because of the importance it plays in everyday usage in both spoken, and written English in the United States. Below is a fictional conversation chock full of (idiomcontaining many examples of) idioms taken from sporting events. In the repeat of the conversation, the idioms are highlighted and explained. Closing a Deal (In a typical office somewhere in New York) Bob: Well, is Trevisos going to play ball or are we going to strike out on this deal?Pete: The latest locker talk is that our game plan is a real contender for the contract.Bob: Yeah, the other team has two strikes against it after they fumbled last week.Pete: They had a great chance of scoring but I think Trevisos thought they werent up to scratch on some of the details.Bob: They pretty much put themselves into a no win situation by stalling for time on the figures from Smiths and Co. If we can get to home at the next meeting I think that we should be able to take the ball and run.Pete: If our numbers are right, we should be able to call the shots from here.Bob: We just need to jockey ourselves into position to close the deal.Pete: Make sure that you take along your team players next week. I want to be sure that everyone is playing with a full deck and that everyone can field any question asked.Bob. Ill take Shirley and Harry along. They are no second stringers, they can present the ballpark figures and then I will bring it on home. Pete: Great, good luck with the pitch! It seems almost impossible to understand if you dont understand sports idioms! However, these and other idioms are common in daily usage. It is well worth your time to learn these idioms, especially if you work or live with Americans. Now, let me help you with the above passage. Each idiom is explained in its sports context, and in its idiomatic usage in everyday language. Bob: Well, is Trevisos going to play ball (baseball-play a game, idiom-do business with) or are we going to strike out (baseball-go out, idiom-fail) on this deal (idiom-contract)?Pete: The latest locker talk (general sports-talk among the players, idiom-gossip, rumors) is that our game plan (American football-plan which plays to make, idiom-plan of action) is a real contender (boxing- very possible winner, idiom-person with a good chance of success) for the contract.Bob: Yeah, the other team has two strikes against it (baseball-one step from going out or loosing, idiom-close to not succeeding) after they fumbled (American football-lose possession of the ball, idiom-make a serious mistake) last week.Pete: They had a great chance of scoring (any sport-to make a point, idiom-to succeed) but I think Trevisos thought they werent up to scratch (horseracing-not capable of winning, idiom-not having the right qualities) on some of the details.Bob: They pretty much put themselves into a no-win situation (baseball-impossible to win, idiom-impossible to succeed) by stalling for time (American football-to delay the game, idiom-to delay information or a decision) on the figures from Smiths and Co. If we can get to home (baseball-score a run, idiom-complete the desired action) at the next meeting I think that we should be able to take the ball and run (American football-continue to go forward, usually a long distance, idiom-continue in the right direction). Pete: If our numbers are right, we should be able to call the shots (basketball-to decide who shoots, idiom-to make the decisions) from here.Bob: We just need to jockey ourselves into position (horseracing-put yourself into a good position to win the race, idiom-to move into position to succeed) to close the deal.Pete: Make sure that you take along your team players (general sports players who work together with other players, idiom-people who work together with other staff) next week. I want to be sure that everyone is playing with a full deck (cards-having all the necessary cards, idiom-having the correct mental abilities, not stupid) and that everyone can field (baseball-to stop a hit ball, idiom-to handle or deal with) any question asked.Bob. Ill take Shirley and Harry along. They are no second stringers (team sports-second class members of the team, idiom-less important workers), they can present the ballpark figures (baseball-the place where the game is played idiom-general fin ancial numbers) and then I will bring it on home (baseball-to score a run, idiom-to finish with success) Pete: Great, good luck with the pitch (baseball-to throw the ball to the batter, idiom-to present the subject)! For more work on vocabulary related to sports visit: Verbs Used with SportsEquipment Used with SportsPlaces Used with SportsMeasurements Used with Sports

Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, and the Civil Right Struggle of the Essay

Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, and the Civil Right Struggle of the 1950s and 1960s - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Martin Luther King Junior was brought up in a Christian background while Malcolm X was a Muslim this shaped how they addressed challenges that they faced in their struggles. For example, while Martin Luther always advocated for nonviolent solutions to the struggles that faced them to an extent that even when he was physically abused he opted not to revenge, Malcolm X believed in Muslim teachings and his famous phrase ‘by all means possible’ which advocated for physical violence towards the oppressors. Malcolm X believed that violence was the only way that the movement would win it cause and therefore advocated for physical battles whether the opponents were violent or not violent. A good example of this difference between the two individuals can be seen during the famous March on Washington on August 26, 1983, where more than 20, 000 people attended; in the march, he called for people from all races to unite and end violence and hatred. Malcolm X was very critical of this march and he argued that Martin Luther was wrong on calling for uniting of all races since that would destroy both the blacks and the whites; instead, Malcolm argued that blacks should be more concerned with helping each other instead. Both mean although using different approaches and coming from different social and economic classes had some similarities; some of them are explained in this paragraph. One of the similarities between the two individuals is that it is they both fought for the rights of the oppressed people in the world, for instance, they were both against the involvement of United States in the war in Vietnam in a bid to help French forces capture the country for colonization. Another similarity is that both individuals were assassinated at the same age, although Malcolm X was older than Martin Luther was, he was assassinated by the members of the nation of Islam when he was giving a speech; he was 39 years old.

Chapter 1 of dissertation on building level principals' knowledge of

Chapter 1 of on building level principals' knowledge of special education law - Dissertation Example blame on the principals, it is, however, important to make sure that the authorities charged with such crucial decisions possess ample knowledge on the legal aspects of special education. Moreover, sound decisions in this regard can only be arrived at when the decision-maker is familiar with the pertinent laws on special education and has formal or any comparable educational background on special education law. A state-wide study, in this regard, will serve as an essential step towards a better understanding of school administrator’s level of proficiency in special education law. Such study will also shed light as to what interventions may be designed and implemented to see to it that the needs of students with disability can be better served, vis a vis the regular students, en route to the optimization of the academic potentials of both types of students. Background of the Study Historically, students with disabilities have not always been guaranteed access to education (Chur ch and Glaaser, 2010; Ebersold, 2011; Flexer, Baer, Luft & Simmons, 2008; Wearmouth, Glynn & Berryman, 2005). The 19th century saw the beginnings of public support for free public education through the passing of compulsory laws on education which allowed representation of both genders, different ages, socio-economic status, and cultural background. One of the most popular legal battles fought for equality in education was Brown v. Board of Education (of Topeka) where Oliver Brown challenged and conquered racial segregations in American schools in 1954 (Miller, 2004). Yet, until the middle of the 1970s, individuals with disabilities did not benefit from the so-called free education. In 1972, a court ruling in Parc v. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania had to decide that children suffering from... The main purpose of the ‘Chapter 1 of dissertation on building level principals' knowledge of special education law’ is to evaluate the level of proficiency of building level administrators in Pennsylvania of special education laws and look at possible factors which facilitate or deter their decision making on special education issues by way of a mixed methods design. An investigation of factors facilitating and hindering decision making will entail a profound analysis of the type and level of the administrators’ background in special education law; experience and confidence level in handling special education issues; and proficiency of basic special education law in terms of their perceptions on selected cases. The proposed study will adopt the input-process-output model as its theoretical framework grounded on Anderson and Arsenault who recognizes this paradigm for its simplicity simple and wide applicability to education research. In this study, inputs include: (1) the perceptions of building level administrators on selected issues covered in relevant special education laws in Pennsylvania; (2) information on the type and level of special education background among building level administrators; (3) self-reported experience of the building level administrators in handling special education issues in school; (4) self-reported confidence level of the building level administrators when handling special education cases; and (5) areas of greatest concern in special education law as self-reported by building level administrators in their disposition on relevant issues in school.

Theories such as Marxism Essay Example for Free

Theories such as Marxism Essay Within this essay, I will be examining the view that education re-creates the class system. Theories such as Marxism, Internationalism and feminism, would agree with each other in saying that the education system favours the working class, due to ideologies, discrimination, domination and social control. Marxists Bowles and Gintis myth of education is a complete attack on the functionalists concept of meritocracy. Bowles and Gintis (1976) argued that the meritocratic idea that education offers everybody an equal chance is in fact a myth or a story that all of us jus blindly believe. They believe that the education system works against the ideas of the working classes. In their correspondence theory they argued that there was a correspondence between social relationships in the classroom and the work place. By this, they meant that the hierarchies, certificates, and discipline systems that can be found in schools are actually very similar to the world of work. In school you are paid with certificates, where as on the other hand in work you are paid with wages. Marxists also argue that education has a cultural reproduction role. Bourdieu has argued that schools, along with the staff that work in them are generally middle-class institutions. Working class children simply do not posses the cultural capital, which are things like the ideas, tastes, values and lifestyle associated with a particular class required for success in establishments. This means that middle-class children will generally do better than working class children. This makes school an institution that ensures middle-class dominance from one generation to the next. A sociologist that illustrates this view is, Marxist, Tomlinson says that differences in class are more important than differences in ethnicity in explaining educational attainment. So it is clear that education looks at classes and allocates where each student goes in the hierarchy. It recreates the education system by teaching children what society wants them to learn through the hidden curriculum, as well as teaching them to accept their roles and place in society, this relates to the class system as it ranks the middle class on top of working class. Functionalists say the class system in education should change as they believe in the education system being meritocratic as they say that the harder you work the better off you will be. Because the curriculum is based on westernized cultures, there is conflict between classes in education. Interactionists would say that there are many other stereotypes in the education system which puts the middle class in advantage to the working class to which the education system mostly benefits the middle class rather than then the working class. So, on the whole, the education system allocates students through meritocracy, reflecting their class in society. The well off- middle-class are better off, with more resources, cultural capital etc, and so can work their way up easily, and as we know education success is rewarded with cultural capital. On the other hand, the working class dont have that many benefits, so they do not achieve a lot. Education reinforces the roles the classes have to play in society and re-creates the class system.

Stereotyping of Arab Muslims in the New York Times for the Past Forty Y

Stereotyping of Arab Muslims in the New York Times for the Past Forty Years This study examines stereotyping of Arab Muslims in the New York Times for the past forty years. Theorists suggest that stereotyping of a minority group effects the public's opinion of that group. Other communication media theorists say that only under extreme conditions will the negative stereotypes reflect the publics' opinions of the portrayed minority group. The parallel theory between propaganda and stereotyping by the mass media is examined. Theorists including Thomson, (1977) & Myers, (1992), related to mass media effects strongly agree claiming that repetitive and non-contradictive images in the media are an effective form of propaganda. The research samples are random article reviews of the New York Times for the past forty years. Using every fifth year and 2 random numbers ranging from 1 to 12 is used to select an article search date. Islam was the search term. The Gudykunst & Kim( ? ) method of analyzing a stereotype is used to evaluate the 8 New York Times articles. The r esults indicate 95% of the articles were "vague," labeling entire group rather than individual. Out of the total 100%, 70% of the article used unfavorable trait characteristic labeling. Has the New York Times negatively stereotyped Arab Muslims for the past forty years? The goal of this research project is to reveal the negative stereotypes directed towards Arab Muslims in the New York Times. The critical focus of the research is the consistency of the negative stereotypes. The underlying focus is what theoretical and historical effects result from the negative stereotypes. WHAT IS STEREOTYPING? The operational definition is "an idea, expression, lacking in originality or inventiveness. A simplified and standardized conception or image of a person or group held in common by members of a group." (Dictionary). Theorist's Gudykunst & Kim claims the word stereotype originated from an author named Walter Lippman. In this study, the independent variable is the New York Times and the dependent variable is the Islamic religious group. WHO IS A MUSLIM? "And seek assistance through patience and prayer, and most surely it is a hard thing except for the humble ones" (Holy Qur'an 2:45). To announce you are a Muslim, you have to follow the five pillars of Islam that are: 1. Pray five times a... ...994, p.9 Fisher, Glen (1989) Mass media Effects on Sex Role Attitudes of Incarcerated Men. Sex Roles, v20, pp. 191-202. Gerbner, G. (1993). Defense and the Media in Time of Limited War. Armed Forces and Society, v20, pp.147-9. Jowett, G. & O'Donnell, V.(1986). Propaganda and Persuasion. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Kahn, K. (1992). Does being male help? The Journal of Politics, v.54, pp.498-512. Lamb, D. (1989). The Arabs: Journey Beyond Mirage. The Middle East Journal, v.43, pp.522. Myers, Philip (1992) The Elastic Body Image. The effect of Television advertising. Journal of Communications, v.42, pp.109-33. Ogawa, D. (1993) The Japanese of Los Angeles. Journal of Asian and African Studies, v19, pp.142-3. Rodwell, J. (1909) Translation of the Koran. New York: Dutton. Shaheen, J. (1985). Media Coverage of the Middle East: Perception of Foreign Policy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v482, pp. 160-75. Thomson, O. (1977). Mass Persuasion in History. Edinburgh: Paul Harris Publishing. Zillman, Bryant (1982) The Impact of Heavy Viewing of Pornography on Jurors Decision. Journal of Communication, v40, pp.165-7.

Communication and Hr

4DEP (HR) Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resources Practitioner By Susanne Collier 7th November 2011 Activity 1 Today Human Resources (HR) is at the centre of business performance. HR professionals have an important role to play in driving decisions that enable their organisations to thrive in both the short and the longer term. Where in the past the function delivered the fundamentals that underpinned the employee lifecycle (such as recruitment, induction and salary administration) supporting organisation performance is now the theme running through HR’s work. The CIPD have introduced the HR Profession Map which sets out what HR practitioners need to know, do and deliver at all stages in their career. The Map is structured around ten professional areas of HR activity and it focuses on the knowledge, activities and behaviours required in the profession today. The first two professional areas, Strategy, insights and solutions (uses deep understanding of the business – activities, strategies and plans and underlying drivers of and barriers to sustainable performance, and needs of customers and employees – and unique insights to drive business performance through the creation and delivery of HR strategy and solutions) and Leading and managing the HR function (leads and manages a fit for purpose HR function, with a strong track record of operational excellence and a deep understanding of the organisation requirements. Ensures that the function has the right capability, capacity, and organisation design, and that HR employees are fully engaged, work collaboratively and possess a deep understanding of organisation and the drivers that create value). These are central to understanding the organisation and delivering an HR function that delivers success. There are eight behaviours shown on the HR Map that identify in detail how professionals need to carry out their activities and make a contribution to organisational success. Please see Appendix 1 for description of the eight behaviours. The behaviours have been clustered into the following groups: Each professional area and behaviour is described at four bands of professional competence, the bands range from those entering the profession at band one, to those that are leading it, at band four. I currently work as an Office Manager for Miller Heiman Inc at their EMEA headquarters in Milton Keynes. As part of my remit I have to ensure that the delivery of Human Resources (HR) service and information to leaders, managers and staff within the organisation is accurate, efficient, timely and cost-effective and that HR data is managed professionally as I am the first point of contact for all HR-related queries. I have therefore chosen to look at the Service Delivery and Information professional area at Band One, as I believe this is most relevant to my current role. There are eight activities, eleven skills and three behaviours that apply to band one within this professional area, please see Appendix 2. Within my role the behaviours detailed with the respective activity and knowledge are Collaborative, Driven to Deliver, Personally Credible, Curious, Role Model and Courage to Challenge. Collaborative Build appropriate professional, friendly and accessible relationships with employees, line managers, directors and network of suppliers. Driven to Deliver * Assist in the recruitment process – i. e. liaise with recruitment agencies, set up interviews and issue relevant correspondence. * Administer HR-related documentation, such as offer letters, contracts of employment, leavers' and pensions information. * Provide relevant documentation as requested for example employee handbooks, latest policy updates, sickness forms. * Provide data for and prepare management nformation reports, mainly around absence management. * Ensure the relevant HR databases are up to date, accurate and comply with relevant legislation. * Administer Childcare Voucher Scheme, liaising with employees and external providers. Personally Credible * Provide support and advice to employees and line managers, explaining policies and procedures in a timely and effective manner, including maternity, paternity, adoption, parental leave and health ; safety processes and queries regarding benefit and pay issues. * Assist in the development of HR procedures and policies. Take responsibility for own work. * Communicate well both in writing and verbally. * Use own initiative. * Have the ability to work accurately with attention to detail. Curious * Take part in teams meetings, events and training as required. * Have the flexibility and willingness to learn. * Constantly review suppliers for a cost/quality/se rvice comparison. * Good understanding of HR policies and procedures, health ; safety and basic understanding of employment legislation. * Attend Employment Law updates on a regular basis to keep abreast of changes in legislation. Role Model * Be resilient and able to work in an organisation that is undergoing change due to development and growth. * Use tact and diplomacy, being sensitive and respectful to others. * Contribute to the development and implementation of the overall ethos/work/aims of Miller Heiman. * Appreciate and understand the need of confidentiality in dealing with all HR and training issues. * Work in accordance with current policies and procedures. * Appreciate that projects need to be completed, methodical approach with an ability to work under pressure. Courage to Challenge Feedback and look at any changes that are needed in our current practices and implement. * Constantly review personal development plan in line with organisational objectives. Activity 2 HR Customers The HR department has many internal and external customers to serve, including employees, their managers, directors and legal and regulatory agencies. The needs of which may sometimes be in conflict. Below are the main cust omers I have to deal within my role on a daily basis and an example of a few of their needs: Directors| Line Managers| Staff/Peers| Latest Legislations UpdatesManagement Reporting| Appraisal DocumentationPolicy DocumentationHealth ; Safety issues| Payroll QueriesBenefit Entitlement QueriesSickness Forms| A need conflict may arise if for example a director has requested an absence report analysis for a disciplinary meeting be produced for the following day but unexpectedly a line manager has advised you of a potentially serious health and safety issue. Both needs are important to the person requesting them, and I would therefore look at the needs individually to assess their priority and risk to the business if they were not dealt with as a matter of urgency. The absence report could be to assist the director with looking into an individuals time keeping as part of a disciplinary, which is important as this could affect the way forward with the hearing, but the health and safety issue could be a greater risk to the business and/or individual at that precise moment in time so a risk assessment would need to be carried out immediately and then a decision could be made whether action was needed immediately and would therefore then take priority over the absence report. Communication Methods Communication Method| Advantages| Disadvantages| Electronic (Email)| * Quick * Log receipt * Complete * Can send large documentation * Cost advantages| * Eliminate Equal Opportunities due to lack of access * No tone * No relationship * Could be misconstrued | Written (Printed Material)| * Meets legal requirements * Clear audit trail * Provides reference * More in depth detail| * Lack of face to face contact * Unsecure * Slow * Expensive| Verbal(Telephone/Face to Face)| * Checking of understanding * Personal * Immediate| * Trepidation * Language * Lengthy * Lack of control * Cost of calls| Effective communication as explained by Albert Mehrabian in his communication model found that spoken words account for only 7% of what a listener perceives, the remaining 93% of what a listener comprehends originates from the speaker’s body language and tone employed in the delivery of the words. Building and Maintaining Effective Service Building Relationships – It is important to develop a positive attitude, be less judgmental and more accepting of others. Gather Improve Your Communication Skills,  listen carefully and focus on the speaker's message. This will allow you to respond appropriately and avoid misunderstandings. Resolve conflicts early. Treat ALL colleagues with respect and always be courteous and professional. Be open and honest about your feelings and allow others to do the same. Understand and accept personal or cultural differences. Dealing with Difficult Customers and Resolving their Complaints – Listen to the customer and thank them for bringing the problem to your attention. Sincerely convey to the customer your apology for the way the situation has made them feel, but avoiding blame and determine what the customer is seeking as a solution. Once this is established seek to agree on the solution and take quick action to resolve and follow up to ensure the customer is completely satisfied. Meeting time and Budget Constraints – Set goal and deadline expectations at the outset. Prioritise workload and delegate if there is an opportunity too if time is restricted. Research and compare costings to ensure the best value is gained without compromising quality. Must ensure the regular updates are provided. Continuous Improvement – To ensure high levels of customer satisfaction, it is important for HR to continually measure and monitor the needs of its various customers, determine how well it is meeting those needs and identify any areas that represent gaps, this could be done in the form of an annual employee survey, issuing feedback forms for completion or requesting short feedback via email as well as looking at your PDP plan at your annual review and at regular intervals throughout the year. BIBLIOGRAPHY CIPD HR Profession Map http://www. cipd. co. uk/cipd-hr-profession/hr-profession-map/explore-map. aspx (28 Oct 2011) Albert Mehrabian Communication Model http://www. vestedoutsourcing. com/the-psychology-of-outsourcing-part-4-albert-mehrabian-and-comminication/ (31 October 2011) APPENDIX Appendix 18 Behaviours Description Appendix 2Service & Delivery and Information Professional Area Description

Correspondence

It was a pleasure to meet you at the convention for trial attorneys In New York last week. In addition to the interesting program highlights of the regular sessions, the informal discussions with people like you are an added plus at these meetings. Your contribution to the program was very beneficial and highly Informative.You may recall that I had Just been appointed by the court to defend a woman here n Providence who has been charged with embezzling large sums of money from her previous employer. The defendant had been employed at a large department store for more than 25 years. Because of her valuable years of experience In accounting with the store, she was In charge of accounts receivable at the store. Her previous employer, the plaintiff In the case, claims that she embezzled $18,634 three years ago, $39,072 two years ago, and $27,045 last year.You mentioned that you had represented defendants In similar cases In previous years. Your assistance would be Invaluable as I prepare for this defense. If you are willing to lend your professional expertise In this case, here Is what Is needed: 1 . Within the next week, send the appropriate citations for all similar trials In which you participated. 2. Provide any other case citations that you think might be helpful In this case. 3. Meet with me In approximately two weeks for a case consultation.At hat time we can discuss compensation for your work on this matter. A copy of the formal complaint Is enclosed for your review. I will call you In about a week to arrange a time and place for our meeting. Please let me know If there Is additional Information that would be helpful In preparing for this case. Of experience will be invaluable.

Facemasks in Hockey essays

Facemasks in Hockey essays I can see a little bit, but I dont see really. Its not a big help for me, I just have to wait until it comes back, said Mattias Ohlund defensemen for the Vancouver Canucks. Right now, Ohlund, has limited vision, it comes and goes. He held his hand six inches from his face and he couldnt see it. He was struck in the eye with a puck in a preseason game way back in September, he still is unable to see some things. The injury occurred when an opposing player shot it and it hit the stick of one of Ohlunds own players and ricocheted and hit Ohlund right in the eye. He was considered the best all-around defensemen for the Canucks. He was expected to only miss 10-14 days but ended up missing the whole season. NHL officials said that if he were wearing an eye-shield or facemask, he would still be playing right now for his team continuing his career. He was asked if he were able to play again would he use a visor or a facemask. He answered, I dont know yet, Im sure my mom will make me though. Another incident was with Toronto Maple Leaf Bryan Berard who was struck in the eye by the stick of the Ottawa Senator, Marian Hossa. Hossa was following through on a slap shot. It is unlikely that Berard will lose his eye. Berard has to get the blood removed from the eye and they have to see exactly how damaged the retina is. The eye cavity is filled with blood. He will need exploratory surgery. As ultrasound shows he has numerous other injuries to his eye. Dr. Rob Devenyi told ESPN that it is unclear on when he will return if he can still play. The blow of Hossas stick caused a significant cut in the eyenearly on inch. He can only see the difference between light and dark, Devenyi also said that he has seen players with similar injuries and they did return. ESPN asked Devenyi and Berard the question, Would wearing a shield have prevente ...

The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle

The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle What makes a childrens book so popular that by 2014, the 45th anniversary of its publication, more than 37 million copies had been sold and it had been translated into more than 50 languages? In the case of Eric Carles The Very Hungry Caterpillar, its the combination of wonderful illustrations, an entertaining story, and a unique book design. Carles illustrations are created with collage techniques. He uses hand-painted papers, which he cuts, layers, and shapes to create his colorful artwork. The pages of the book vary in size, which is part of the fun. The Story The story of The Very Hungry Caterpillar is a simple one that emphasizes numbers and days of the week. The caterpillar is not only very hungry, but he also has unusual tastes in food, ones that delight children. After popping out of an egg on Sunday, the very hungry caterpillar eats holes through the books pages as he eats his way through a variety of foods, beginning with one apple on Monday and two pears on Tuesday and ending with five oranges on Friday and 10 different foods on Saturday (chocolate cake, ice cream, a pickle, Swiss cheese, salami, a lollipop, cherry pie, sausage, a cupcake, and watermelon). Not surprisingly, the very hungry caterpillar ends up with a stomach ache. Fortunately, a serving of one green leaf helps. The now very fat caterpillar builds a cocoon. After staying in it for two weeks, he nibbles a hole in the cocoon and emerges a beautiful butterfly. For an entertaining explanation of why his caterpillar comes out of a cocoon rather than a chrysalis, see Eric Carles website. The Artwork and Design Eric Carles colorful collage illustrations and the books design add immensely to the books appeal. Every page has a hole in it where the caterpillar eats through the food. The pages for the first five days are different sizes, corresponding to the number of pieces of food the caterpillar eats. The page for the day the caterpillar eats one apple is very small, a little bigger for the day it eats two pears, and full size for the day it eats five oranges. Why Eric Carle Writes About Small Creatures As for the reason so many of his books are about small creatures, Eric Carle gives the following explanation: When I was a small boy, my father would take me on walks across meadows and through woods... Hed tell me about the life cycles of this or that small creature... I think in my books I honor my father by writing about small living things. And in a way, I recapture those happy times. Recommendation The Very Hungry Caterpillar was originally published in 1969 and has become a classic. It is a good picture book to own or to take out of the library frequently. Children 2-5-years-old enjoy hearing the story again and again. Babies and toddlers particularly enjoy the board book edition. Happily, you will enjoy reading it to them again and again also. Add to the fun by making a story sack to go along with the book. See directions for a variety of story sacks, including a story sack for on our  Family Crafts site. (Philomel Books, 1983, 1969. ISBN: 9780399208539)

DV - An Integrated Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

DV - An Integrated Approach - Essay Example Availability and access to information, shelter, medical care, education, and other support services is essential in empowering women to rebuild their lives. In essence an integrated approach represents a cohesive structure that relies on the principle of a public health model focusing on prevention, intervention and cooperation by key partners across all levels. The main objective of the research seeks to investigate and critically analyse the issue of domestic violence. The study would begin by establishing the lessons that can be learnt in relation to the issue of domestic abuse. The researcher would also highlight about the extent, nature and impact of domestic abuse. The writer would develop the argument on the premise that an integrated approach in coping with the problem of domestic abuse represents a consolidated comprehensive framework that relies on the principle of a public health model and this would be done in three stages in particular. The first stage would focus on prevention of domestic abuse against women instead of dealing with the consequences. The core element of prevention is elimination of gender-based attitudes, stereotypes and behaviours. Secondly, the essence of an integrated approach is broad-based which involves programmes and interventions through a wide range of levels and sectors from family to major international organisations. This stage would try to investigate how these various sectors can be integrated in attempting to formulate a lasting solution to the problem of domestic violence. Thirdly, the study would investigate how the key notion underlying an integrated approach that the key partners must closely cooperate within and across the levels could be a viable solution to this problem. In recent years, the contentious topic of domestic violence has come to occupy an increasingly

Review on the Principles of Economics Research Paper

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Strategy planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategy planning - Essay Example However, the younger generation between the age of 18 and 28 seem to be comfortable with the brands from crystal fashion. The idea is to ensure that brand that resonates with them such as scarfs, sweaters and dresses. Crystal fashion in pursuit for a credible customer base needs to be more radical than the other competitors in the market (Wittmann & Reuter, 2008). The young professionals from either gender who have so far embraced the brands from the fashions talk of the products as being unique and classic effectively revealing who they are are in the society (Kurtz, 2012). The company should be more interested in the secrets of the young people as a strategy for producing future brands. Crystal Fashion is an organization that deals with production of garments and clothes for both men and women. In the recent past the company has sought to venture into new markets and to expand its market portfolio as appropriate. Most of the brands from the company have found favor with most of the consumers in Saudi Arabia region and the strategy is to position the clothing and garment brands in the market to attract more loyal customers. Crystal fashion is an organization closely held, for profit and is medium sized compared to other entities in the market (May, 2010). The company has a substantial customer base with earn a profit of one million turnovers. The idea is to have the young people share their stories concerning their preferred brands and fashion to enable the company factor such issues in the production of future brands. The strategy is to obtain the secrets from the target group as a basis for coming up better and improved brands that are accepted by a majority (Dillon, 2012). The company needs to come up with diverse channels that enable the target group share their secrets, learn from other people then use the input from the individuals to improve on the brands. The

Functional Behavioral Assessment Example

Functional Behavioral Assessment Example Functional Behavioral Assessment Mitchell Sample is a fifteen year old male student in the tenth grade at Anytown High School. He lives at home with his parents, Mary and Joseph Sample, three older siblings, all male. Mitchell was referred for a functional behavior assessment due to noncompliance with classroom rules and emotional outbursts he exhibits within the school setting. These outbursts have resulted in his periodic removal from the regular education classroom setting. His behavior and consequent removal from class is affecting his academic performance. He is failing all his classes with the exception of Art II and PE. Kerr maintains that a functional behavior analysis â€Å"contribute to more effective interventions.† For this reason an FBA is needed to determine the function of the behavior and how to establish a plan that will redirect the target behavior in to the proper direction. Background Information consisting of parent interviews and review of permanent records indicate that Mitchell was initially referred for special education and related services when he was eight years old due to low academics and behavioral concerns. He was found ineligible for services and has attended a general education classes ever since. He has remained in general education environment since the time. Mitchell has a history of struggling academically. He is demonstrating noncompliant behavior by not turning in assignments and ignoring teaching requests and commands. Recently, he has started exhibiting emotional outbursts which causes a removal from the regular education setting. These outbursts interfere with his education as well as the education of other students in the class. Description of Assessment Methods Direct Observations of performance for three hours across six settings which included World History class, English 10 class, Algebra 1 class, art class, lunch and hall pass time. Teacher Interviews utilizing a variation of the Functional Assessment Interview Form. Educational records review, including child teacher support team file. Functional Assessment Results Kerr and Nelson (2010) point out that â€Å"educators are required to conduct an FBA when persistent behavioral concerns exist (FBA is commonly a part of the pre-referral and referral activities, and IEP development, review, and revision for misbehaving students) they are also required by law to conduct it within 10 days of any singular offense by a student with a disability that is punishable by:removal to an Interim Alternative Educational Setting† (Kerr, 2010). A functional assessment of behaviors of concern was conducted for this report using indirect (interviews) and descriptive (structured observation) methods. A topographical definition of the behaviors of concern was developed from interviews and then the behaviors of concern were observed utilizing a momentary time sampling. The antecedents, functions and consequences were then analyzed for this report based on recommended research standards in order to develop a hypothesis for the reasons for the behavior. A-B-C CHART Antecedent Behavior Consequence World History: Demands placed on Mitchell in classroom. Mitchell talks and ignores teacher instructions. Teacher repeats instruction while asking Mitchell to comply with the request. Teacher initiates classroom transition. â€Å"Turn in your warm up and take out your study guide for review.† Mitchell says, â€Å"I don’t have my study guide† and then turns to talk to peer. Teacher asks Mitchell to stop talking, and then asks him specifically to turn in his warm up. Teacher gives copy of study guide to Mitchell, and tells him, â€Å"Fill this out as we review answers.† Mitchell tosses paper on desk, and says, â€Å"Yea, right. Doesn’t make any difference if I do it or not. Screw you.† Teacher ignored Mitchell’s comment and started review. Class begins study guide review activity. Mitchell talks to peer as teacher conducts lesson. Teacher requests Mitchell remain quiet while review is going on unless he is answering a question about the review. Teacher gives Mitchell choice of not talking during instruction or going to the hall. Mitchell chooses to go to the hall. Mitchell walks away from class and is written up for being in an unauthorized area. Art class: Mitchell is given clay to work with. Mitchell participates in activity without disrupting class. Mitchell has clay formed and stored for use for next class period. Algebra 1 class: Teacher asks class to get out their assignment to be checked. Mitchell is talking to peer and does not comply. Teacher ignores Mitchell’s talking and Mitchell does not work on his assignment. English 10: Mitchell is asked to remain silent and get his assignment out to pass in. Mitchell replied, â€Å"I don’t have the damn assignment.† . Mitchell is written up for insubordination and inappropriate use of language Description of Behavior (1) Emotional Outbursts: Data Collection: Data were collected in five minute time sample recordings using a partial interval recording. A positive interval of this behavior was recorded if the behavior occurred at any time during the five minute interval. Data are reported using percentage of positively scored intervals. Data Collection Outcome: This behavior was observed on two occasions once during English 10 and twice during World History. On the first occasion, the behavior occurred for 12 out of the 30 minute intervals. On the second occasion, the behavior occurred for 10 out of the 30 minutes intervals. (2) Noncompliant behavior Data Collection: Using the five minute time sample, this behavior occurred in three settings. On the first occasion the behavior occurred for 15 of the 30 minutes. On the second occasion, the behavior occurred during the entire 30 minutes. On the third occasion, the behavior occurred for 10 of 10 minutes. Antecedent Analysis In an antecedent analysis, one tries to identify the events, situations and circumstances that set the occasion for a higher likelihood of the behavior and those that set the occasion for a lower likelihood. Analysis of these variables allows a more specific intervention as well as identification of environmental mediators to more fully assess the maintaining variables (Scott, T., Anderson, C., Spaulding, S., 2008). Based on the functional assessment interviews and structured observations, the emotional outbursts behavior can occur during any instructional class period (Scott, T., Anderson, C., Spaulding, S., 2008). It is reported that this behavior usually occurs when the teacher makes a request for Mitchell follow class procedures or produce classwork. During the structured observations, Mitchell exhibited this behavior during English 10 instruction after the teachers request for the assignment was made. During World History, Mitchell did not have his homework and continued to ta lk even when the teacher specifically requested he remain quiet during instructional time. Function of the Behaviors The functions of these behaviors produce attention, escaping the assigned task, and being removed from the classroom. In Mitchell’s situation, the function of his behavior appears to be avoiding academic classwork. References Kerr, M., Nelson, C. M. (2010). Strategies for addressing behavior problems in the classroom  (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Scott, T., Anderson, C., Spaulding, S. (2008). Strategies for developing and carrying out  functional assessment and behavior intervention plans. Preventing School Failure, 52(3),  39–50. Retrieved from the Walden Library using the Education Research Complete  database: http://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ehhAN=32013629site=ehost-livescope=site